| PHOT 1 | BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY I | 4 Units |
| Fundamentals of black and white still photography. Introduction to the historical development of the medium and the role that photography has played in shaping social issues and and its effect on culture. Practical investigation of photography's potential to contribute to personal visual expression. Exposure to multiple perspectives on photography as practiced and contributed by diverse cultures. Topics cover photographic seeing, camera operation, use of aperture and shutter settings for aesthetic and sensitometric control, film processing, printing, and use of natural light for personal expression and communication. Introduction to electronic imaging processes. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 2 | BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY II | 4 Units |
| Emphasis on control of available light through use of tripods and push-processing; use of electronic flash and studio lights; attributes of various films and appropriate chemistry for each; graded papers; larger format cameras, introduction to sensitometry; specialized developing and printing techniques, enhancing personal photographic expression; digital manipulation of the photographic image. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 1 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken two times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory.
(78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 3 | BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY III | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 50 |
| Exploration of photographic seeing through the use of advanced processing and printing techniques; introduction to the Zone System and film calibration; creating special effects; high contrast and infrared films; integration of aesthetics and technique, emphasis on development of a personal style. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 2. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 4A | DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY I | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 65A |
| Introduction to the tools for expressive communication in digital photography using Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Photoshop Lightroom. Development of skills in image capture, enhancement, printing, and web publishing, for both fine art and commercial applications. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1, 5 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 4B | DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY II | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 65B |
| Intermediate-level exploration with the tools for expressive communication in digital photography using Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Photoshop Lightroom. Development of skills in image capture, enhancement, printing, and web publishing, for both fine art and commercial applications. |
| Advisory: PHOT 4A or equivalent experience. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 4C | DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY III | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 65C |
| Advanced-level exploration with the tools for expressive communication in digital photography using Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Photoshop Lightroom. Development of skills in image capture, enhancement, printing, and web publishing, for both fine art and commercial applications. |
| Advisory: PHOT 4B or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 5 | INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| A survey of the historical and practical aspects of photography as an art form. Students will be introduced to the use of light, composition and communication through images. Significant photographers from a diversity of backgrounds will inspire students in the practice of photography and developing an appreciation of the varied uses of the photographic image in our culture. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (60 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 8 | PHOTOGRAPHY OF MULTICULTURAL AMERICA | 4 Units |
| Examination of photography's role in shaping ideas about race, class, gender, sexuality and national identity in America. Critical analysis of images from a wide range of genres including: commercial photography, portraiture, social documentary, photojournalism, ethnographic and scientific photography, erotica, and fine-art photography are discussed within their historical and social context. |
| Advisory: Not open to students with credit in PHOT 8H. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 4 hours lecture, 2 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Humanities |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 8H | HONORS PHOTOGRAPHY OF MULTICULTURAL AMERICA | 4 Units |
| Examination of photography's role in shaping ideas about race, class, gender, sexuality and national identity in America. Critical analysis of images from a wide range of genres including: commercial photography, portraiture, social documentary, photojournalism, ethnographic and scientific photography, erotica, and fine-art photography are discussed within their historical and social context.
The honors course offers an enriched and challenging experience for the more talented student, including deeper content, more rigorous grading, and more demanding and creative assignments requiring application of higher-level thinking, writing, and communication skills. |
| Prerequisite: Honors Institute participant. |
| Advisory: Not open to students with credit in PHOT 8. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 4 hours lecture, 2 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Humanities |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 10 | HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| The history of still photography from the earliest investigations of the camera obscura to late 20th Century electronic imaging. Emphasis on the role of photographs as a social and cultural force and on our artistic heritage of camera work. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or equivalent; not open to students with credit in PHOT 10H. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Humanities |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 10H | HONORS HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| The history of still photography from the earliest investigations of the camera obscura to late 20th Century electronic imaging. Emphasis on the role of photographs as a social and cultural force and on our artistic heritage of camera work. The honors course offers an enriched and challenging experience for the more talented student, including deeper content, more rigorous grading, and more demanding and creative assignments requiring application of higher-level thinking, writing, and communication skills. |
| Prerequisite: Honors Institute participant. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or equivalent; not open to students with credit in PHOT 10. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Humanities |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 11 | CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 59 |
| Survey of contemporary issues in photography. Critical theory and other issues surrounding contemporary photographic practices are explored through the style and content of work by selected contemporary photographers. Censorship, copyright, appropriation, and other current issues affecting the contemporary photographer are discussed. The interplay of traditional and digital photography and how it affects our concepts of truth, reality, society, and culture. |
| Advisory: Not open to students with credit in PHOT 11H or 59. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
| |
| PHOT 11H | HONORS CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| Survey of contemporary issues in photography. Critical theory and other issues surrounding contemporary photographic practices are explored through the style and content of work by selected contemporary photographers. Censorship, copyright, appropriation, and other current issues affecting the contemporary photographer are discussed. The interplay of traditional and digital photography and how it affects our concepts of truth, reality, society, and culture.
The honors course offers an enriched and challenging experience for the more talented student, including deeper content, more rigorous grading, and more demanding and creative assignments requiring application of higher-level thinking, writing, and communication skills. |
| Prerequisite: Honors Institute participant. |
| Advisory: Not open to students with credit in PHOT 11 or 59. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory. (72 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Humanities |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 13 | EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| Exploration of experimental approaches to creative photography, using silver and nonsilver processes. Introduction to digital manipulation of images. |
| Advisory: PHOT 2. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hour laboratory.
(78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 20 | INTRODUCTION TO COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| Formerly: PHOT 70 |
| Introduction to history of color processes. Introduction to the theories, principles, instruction in color correction and manipulation, and expressive potential of digital color photography. |
| Advisory: PHOT 5 or PHOT 65A or PHOT 72. |
| Repeatability: May be taken two times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 22 | PHOTO JOURNALISM | 4 Units |
| formerly: PHOT 63 |
| Instruction in basic skills needed for effective online and print photography for use in newspapers, magazines, web journals and blogs with emphasis on developing appropriate behavior and craft needed in meeting deadlines for photojournal publication. Assignments include news photographs, human interest and feature pictures, and the picture story. Special emphasis on print quality, picture editing, layout design, image content and captioning. Introduction to digital capture, preparation of files and transmittal of photographs, and video and sound recording techniques. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 2. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU and UC |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 51 | ZONE SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| An exploration of the Zone System through use of special processing and fine printing techniques. A study of the integration of aesthetics, film calibration, development of film, printing, and techniques associated with the Zone System. Acquisition of fine printing and archival processing techniques suitable for producing exhibit quality presentations. Application of understanding of Zone System to both digital and color materials. Appreciation of contributions by photographers of diverse backgrounds. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 2. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory.
(78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 55 | SPECIAL PROJECTS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 2 Units |
| Specific topics in creative, technical or applied photography must be determined in consultation with instructor. A limited area is explored in depth. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 2 or 4B. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 1 hour lecture, 3 hours laboratory. (48 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 57A | PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMENT | 4 Units |
| Organization and assembly of a photographic portfolio from concept to final presentation. Intensive advanced class requiring the student to build a group of photographic works that function both individually and as a group. Concerns will include how to make images that communicate clearly, how to blend technical execution with meaning and how to give and receive feedback to further a photographic project and that of fellow photographers. |
| Prerequisites: PHOT 1, 2, 3 or PHOT 5, 4A, 4B or instructor's permission. |
| Advisory: PHOT 10 or 11. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 57B | PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 4 Units |
| Organization of photographic work from prior classes and projects to meet individual goals including transfer, exhibition and employment. Development of professional materials such as resume, website and business cards as well as finalization of a photographic portfolio to meet the qualifications for an A.A. Degree in Photography. Develop support materials for applications and exhibitions. Student must share work with photography community through exhibition or other methods of display. |
| Prerequisites: PHOT 57A or instructor's permission. |
| Advisory: PHOT 10, 10H, 11 or 11H. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory.
(78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 68A | DARKROOM TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 68B | DIGITAL TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 68C | STUDIO LIGHTING TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 68D | EXPERIMENTAL TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 68E | LECTURE TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 68F | EXHIBITION TOPICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s). |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 71 | THE PHOTOGRAPHIC BOOK | 4 Units |
| Exploration of the book for the display and sharing of photographic imagery including the history of the photographic book and its uses in fine art, commercial and documentary photography. Use of appropriate technology for creation of photographic books including digital image editing, color correction, graphic design and typography. Investigation of sequencing and presentation of photographs in book format for communication. |
| Prerequisites: PHOT 1 or 5 or 4A or equivalent experience. |
| Repeatability: May be taken three times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 72 | DIGITAL CAMERA TECHNIQUE | 4 Units |
| Develop skills in the use of digital cameras and software. Evaluate and utilize current tools and demonstrate skills in digital photography including workflow, archiving, resolution/sizing, beginning color management as well as composition, design and visual communication. Utilize design principles to create images that communicate effectively. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5 or equivalent experience. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours lecture, 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (60 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| View Schedule. |
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| PHOT 74 | STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES | 4 Units |
| Introduction and overview to large format (view camera), digital medium format cameras, and studio lighting; exploration of photographic practices in a studio environment; emphasis on developing effective skills and techniques necessary to begin a career in studio photography. |
| Advisory: PHOT 2, 4A and 72. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lecture-laboratory, 1.5 hours laboratory. (78 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 78A | LANDSCAPE FIELD STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s) in the field. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 78B | SOCIAL CONCERNS FIELD STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s) in the field. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 78C | DOCUMENTARY FIELD STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Formerly: PHOT 78 |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s) in the field. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 78D | MUSEUM/GALLERY FIELD STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Formerly: PHOT 78 |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s) in the field. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
| |
| PHOT 78E | TECHNIQUES FIELD STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHY | 1 Unit |
| Formerly: PHOT 78 |
| Investigation of a specific aspect or topic of photography through discussion and demonstration by the instructor(s) in the field. |
| Advisory: PHOT 1 or 5. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture-laboratory. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: CSU |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 150X | PHOTOGRAPHY PRODUCTION LABORATORY | 1 Unit |
| Supervised use of photographic studio and darkroom equipment for projects assigned in still photography courses, including basic, intermediate, advanced, color, and special project courses. Hours to be arranged within scheduled availability of photography department open facilities. |
| Corequisite: Concurrent enrollment in a photography course requiring laboratory access. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| 3 hours laboratory. (36 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 180 | PHOTOGRAPHIC PRACTICES | 1 Unit |
| Supervised use of photographic studio and darkroom equipment for projects assigned in still photography courses, including basic, intermediate, advanced, color, digital, and special project courses. Hours to be arranged within scheduled availability of photography department open facilities. |
| Corequisite: Concurrent enrollment in a photography course requiring laboratory access or by instructor referral. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 4 hours laboratory. (48 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
| |
| PHOT 190 | DIRECTED STUDY | .5 Unit |
| Directed study for students who desire or require additional help in attaining comprehension and competency in learning skills in a photographic area. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 1 or 5 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: Not Repeatable. |
| .5 hour lecture for each .5 unit of credit. (6 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
| |
| PHOT 190X | DIRECTED STUDY | 1 Unit |
| Directed study for students who desire or require additional help in attaining comprehension and competency in learning skills in a photographic area. Enrollment is limited to six times within the PHOT 190 group. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 1 or PHOT 5 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 1 hour lecture for each .5 unit of credit. (12 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
| |
| PHOT 190Y | DIRECTED STUDY | 2 Units |
| Directed study for students who desire or require additional help in attaining comprehension and competency in learning skills in a photographic area. Enrollment is limited to six times within the PHOT 190 group. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 1 or PHOT 5 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 2 hours lecture for each .5 unit of credit. (24 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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| PHOT 190Z | DIRECTED STUDY | 3 Units |
| Directed study for students who desire or require additional help in attaining comprehension and competency in learning skills in a photographic area. Enrollment is limited to six times within the PHOT 190 group. |
| Prerequisite: PHOT 1 or PHOT 5 or equivalent. |
| Repeatability: May be taken six times for credit. |
| 3 hours lecture for each .5 unit of credit. (36 hours total per quarter.) |
| GE Area: Non-GE Applicable |
| Transferability: None |
| Not scheduled for the Spring quarter. |
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